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Frameworks Round-Up: When To Use, How To Choose?
Software frameworks provide developers with powerful tools to develop more flexible and less error-prone applications in a more effective way. Software frameworks often help expedite the development process by providing necessary functionality “out of the box”. Such things include user/role management, data access, caching, and much more. These frameworks aid in helping you focus on the more important details of design and even project management by alleviating the need to reinvent the wheel for common development needs.
There are frameworks that cover specific areas of application development such as JavaScript/CSS frameworks that target the presentation (view) layer of the application, and there are others that handle more of the dynamic aspects of the application. Some include both!
In the following we present an overview of most popular web application frameworks; we cover both server-side (PHP, Java, C#, Ruby) and client-side approaches (JavaScript, CSS).
You can also take a look at
- an extensive comparison of web application frameworks on Wikipedia. The article provides a growing list of various frameworks and features they have to offer;
- the review of existing CSS Frameworks we’ve presented few months ago.
Before diving in, it’s necessary to first grasp the idea behind one of the fundamental concepts for web-applications. In the context of frameworks the model-view-controller architecture is particularly important, as this model is typical for most web-applications and is the definitive approach to choose once developing a new web-project.
Model-View-Controller (MVC) Architecture
CodeIgniter has probably the best definition of each the model, view, and controller.
MVC is a software approach that separates application logic from presentation. In practice, it permits your web pages to contain minimal scripting since the presentation is separate from the PHP scripting.
- The Model represents your data structures. Typically your model classes will contain functions that help you retrieve, insert, and update information in your your database.
- The View is the information that is being presented to a user.
- The Controller serves as an intermediary between the Model, the View, and any other resources needed to process the HTTP request and generate a web page.

The Model-View-Controller Architecture.
There is also the Model-View-Presenter (MVP) model, and also the N-Tier Architecture approach amongst others. The difference between MVC and MVP in particular revolve around how data is passed from the model back to the view. In MVC it goes from the model to the view while MVP goes back through the presenter when handing data back to the view.
PHP
- CakePHP is a PHP framework that works on the MVC architecture and offers caching, application scaffolding, validation of model data and even a presentation API. One of the most popular PHP frameworks.
- CodeIgniter is a PHP framework that also uses the MVC platform, has classes for data access, e-mail, FTP, and XML-RPC. Also, CodeIgniter has an exciting community and thorough documentation to get you started.
- The Zend Framework is the self-proclaimed “leading open-source PHP framework.” Services included in the API include Ajax (JSON), search, syndication, web services, and a fully object oriented PHP class library.
Further PHP Frameworks
- Symfony – A feature packed framework, but has a reputation for being server-intensive.
- Prado – A component framework for PHP5 that has similar event based web apps similar to ASP.NET.
- BareBones – a one-file, no-configuration, MVC framework for PHP5.
Java
- Spring Framework is a MVC Java framework that can run on any J2EE server. The framework has a multi-layered architecture with an extensive API and supporting documentation.
- The Google Web Toolkit comes from the granddaddy of all Java development shops-Google. They have released their framework as open-source software. Functionality includes extensive interaction with Ajax, and you can simply write your front end in Java and the GWT compiler converts your Java classes to browser-compliant JavaScript and HTML. Also includes interaction with the newly released Google Gears for creating applications available offline.
- Apache Cocoon framework is a Java framework built around the concepts of separation of concerns and component-based development. There is a strong emphasis on working with XML and serializing into other portable formats.
Further Java Frameworks
- Aranea – a MVC framework that includes a web integration layer.
- AppFuse – a framework that is a self-described “project skeleton” similar to new projects created in an IDE.
C#
- The .NET Framework is an application framework taking application development by storm with its impressive collection of functionality. The great thing about the .NET framework is that you can build it around the MVC framework if you wish (there is an official Microsoft implementation coming out), or you can create your own architecture.
The .NET framework is available out of the box for C# and Visual Basic, but there are extensions available to allow languages like PHP to access and utilize the framework. Look out for some new features including the Windows Workflow Foundation for building powerful business solutions and Silverlight which is set up to be a direct competitor to Flash.
- MonoRail is a MVC framework where the controllers handle solely application flow, the models represent the data, and the view is just about presentation logic. If your project depends too much on third party Web controls or if your IT team skill set is totally centered around WebForms, MonoRail would not be a good choice.
Ruby
- Ruby on Rails has taken the programming world by storm by popularizing the MVC approach to application development. The framework came out the work of 37Signals on their popular Basecamp application. There is also a great emphasis on agile development to “release early and release often.
Further Ruby Frameworks
- Nitro – a Ruby framework, but at the current time it lacks substantial documentation for their API.
- Camping is a micro-framework weighing 4Kb.
- Ramaze has principles on keeping things simple, modular design, and minimal dependencies with an impressive source browser for documentation.
Python
- Gluon comes from the billows of DePaul University designed for agile development and secure database-driven web-based applications.
- Django is the ever popular Python framework that has an impressive template system, caching, dynamic database access API, and more. Many high-profile sites use it including The Washington Post and Pownce.
- TurboGears is a framework that includes a templating system, access the database with obscuring the database, and it uses MochiKit to provide a JavaScript API.
Client-Side Frameworks
Client-side frameworks are frameworks that specifically target the user interface/view/presentation layer. Recently both JavaScript and CSS frameworks have started to enter the mainstream.
While these frameworks might provide the Ajax-functionality, they are not meant to actually complete the data transaction and manipulation. A client-side framework is usually a smaller subset in a larger application framework.
JavaScript
- Prototype is a JavaScript framework that serves as a foundation for other JavaScript frameworks. Don’t be fooled however, as Prototype can stand on its own.
- script.aculo.us is built on the Prototype framework and has found its way into many high-profile sites including Digg, Apple, and Basecamp. The documentation is clear, and has an easy learning curve. However, compared to other JavaScript frameworks it is larger in size.
- Mootools is a compact, modular, object-oriented JavaScript framework with impressive effects and Ajax handling. The framework is for advanced users as the learning curve is rather steep.
- jQuery continues to rise in popularity due to its extensive API and active development. jQuery is a great balance of complexity and functionality.
- For ASP.NET developers you can’t beat the ASP.NET AJAX framework which is built into the .NET Framework as of 3.5, but you can also download it for previous versions. The amount of documentation, examples, and community continues to increase. There are controls that you can simply drag-and-drop an update panel on an ASPX page and process Ajax!
Further JavaScript Frameworks
- The Yahoo! User Interface Library – Yahoo! released its impressed JavaScript library with incredible amounts of documentation.
- Ext JS – Originally built as an add-on to the YUI it can now extend Prototype and jQuery. Includes an impress interface.
- Dojo is a small library focused on interpreter independence and small core size.
- MochiKit – A framework that has focus on scripting language standards including ECMAScript and the W3C DOM.
CSS
CSS frameworks have grown in popularity recently, but there are many developers [ 1, 2 ] who do not think it is an ideal solution for presentation design but not without a rebuttal.
- Yet Another Multicolumn Layout (YAML) is a XHTML/CSS framework for created modern and flexible floated layouts. It even includes a generator!
- Blueprint is one of the more mature CSS frameworks with a focus on layout, typography, and even including a print stylesheet.
- Content with Style – a CSS framework to aid in layouts and basic CSS design elements, but its development has slowed down.
- Yahoo! UI Library: Grids CSS – Yahoo!’s CSS library for layouts.
Considerations When Choosing
There are a couple of things to keep in mind when choosing a framework.
- Pick a framework that has extensive and accurate documentation. It is invaluable as you attempt to implement the technology.
- The framework should provide just that — a framework — that can fit your particular design methodology.
- Be sure to ask other developers about their experiences with frameworks in your chosen programming language.
- The larger the community the larger the odds that you will be able to find help when you need it, and it will continue to be improved and developed.
Chris Poteet is a WordPress/Web Designer consultant specializing in user interface, accessibility, usability, web standards, and content management. His main site is Siolon.com.
- 115 Comments
- 1
- 2January 4th, 2008 6:55 am
Oh, Django is already there…
- 3January 4th, 2008 6:56 am
@Tim: I did inlclude Django.
- 4January 4th, 2008 7:19 am
And what about Adobe Flex framework ?! … this is a big missing part of this article in my opinion ;)
- 5January 4th, 2008 7:25 am
re: the def of model-view-controller architecture – MVC doesn’t just apply to PHP scripting; it is a type of program/software structure.
- 6January 4th, 2008 7:27 am
Kohana framework is a newer framework that is a PHP5 fork of CodeIgniter (PHP4). If anyone is interested in CI you should check out Kohana too.
Dom Assistant is another lightweight JavaScript framework worth noting.
- 7January 4th, 2008 7:28 am
Thanks for the article. Looks like a few on there I have never heard of.
- 8January 4th, 2008 7:28 am
GWT rocks !! I used it on doTemplate. Web developer with (few) Java language knowledge should at least try it. Try also GWT-Ext framework, for great looking desktop-like applications.
- 9January 4th, 2008 7:29 am
Where’s Perl eh ;)?
- 10January 4th, 2008 7:43 am
The link to Spring Framework is wrong. The correct one is to http://www.springframework.org/
- 11January 4th, 2008 7:54 am
Great list and very thorough. The “Wikipedia comparison” link is really helpful too. What about Grails, shouldn’t that be listed too? Maybe it’s too soon? Here’s a URL – http://www.grails.org for convenience… Thanks.
- 12January 4th, 2008 8:16 am
The Akelos PHP framework looks quite interesting too – a pretty-much direct port of Rails to PHP.
- 13January 4th, 2008 8:21 am
“MVC doesn’t just apply to PHP scripting; it is a type of program/software structure.”
I disagree; PHP applications have become quite sophisticated since the language’s inception. Developing a large, complex application in PHP without layered MVC (or similar) sepearation is a quick way to get unmaintainable code. I would say this is especially true of PHP, since it’s error reporting and flow of control is typically very difficult to track in comparison to some of the heavyweight application languages out there (Java, I’m lookin’ at you).
- 14January 4th, 2008 8:22 am
I think that symfony is better than cake for great applications, have proven cakephp and believe that they must improve much the documentation to fight with symfony.
Also I believe that the server consumption can be lowered to much loading the necessary classes, reason why the speed can be extended improving the configuration.
Sebastián Romano
envero.org - 15January 4th, 2008 8:22 am
I suggest that Stripes (http://mc4j.org/confluence/display/stripes/Home) deserves a mention. It’s an excellent Java framework that follows the philosophy of convention over configuration. The API is fun, easy to get up and running, and it slots in nicely with other technologies.
- 16January 4th, 2008 8:45 am
@ Nick Husher
There’s not much to ‘disagree’ in “MVC doesn’t just apply to PHP scripting; it is a type of program/software structure.” Did you miss “just”? MVC applies whenever it makes sense to separate data and how it’s presented, typically GUI apps but it works just as well for websites and even commandline apps, regardless of the language. AFAIK it’s originally from SmallTalk.
- 17January 4th, 2008 8:54 am
..and one more thing… :D
My friend Quiltro development ORIGO CSS , take a look !!
- 18
- 19January 4th, 2008 9:49 am
There’s no such thing as Symphony. Framework name is symfony
Symfony should be on first place, becouse it’s most complex framework for PHP.I should remember that Zend Frammework is not a real framework. This is just a pack of classes.
- 20January 4th, 2008 9:55 am
You forgot about one popular and very powerful Python framework: Pylons [ http://pylonshq.com ]
- 21January 4th, 2008 9:59 am
Nice to see my favourite MooTools framework here, I get so many feedback from coders, designers and big companies loving it. I also get a lot of feedback for Agavi, the best enterprise framework, based on PHP5, with a very professional community.
And one typo … Its the Symfony framework, not Symphony.
- 22January 4th, 2008 10:43 am
I’m agree with @Michał Mech ! Symfony(not Symphony!) is a perfect framework in PHP that supports MVC.It was better if you put it on the first ranking! anyway, good review!
- 23January 4th, 2008 10:54 am
+1 for including Grails as either a Java framework or a Groovy one.
- 24January 4th, 2008 11:03 am
CAKE PHP is a ROCK :D, but i use CI too :)
- 25January 4th, 2008 11:12 am
Hi, in my honest opinion no one should consider this inputs (specially the downside ones) as the truth.
There aren´t any type of analytical information or benchmarking information to get this conclusions, just superficial rumors. - 26January 4th, 2008 1:05 pm
Symphony if certainly the better mvc framework for php and the most professional. (the slowness reputation is obsolete). I love CakePHP too.
Code Igniter is more a big api than a framework like ZendF and Zend framework will be the standard. - 27January 4th, 2008 1:31 pm
What? Not a single mention of any ColdFusion frameworks? You ought to be ashamed of yourselves!
I suggest you at least take a look at Fusebox, Model-Glue, and Mach II.
- 28January 4th, 2008 2:57 pm
Symfony deserves to be in the first place among PHP frameworks.
- 29January 4th, 2008 3:52 pm
No Perl. I no read article.
- 30January 4th, 2008 8:05 pm
Qooxdoo is missing! It’s a brilliant JavaScript framework!
- 31January 4th, 2008 9:20 pm
I wouldn’t really consider those server side frameworks implementing the MVC design pattern. They seem to try to do it as an after thought. Plus, the code doesn’t look OO at first glance. There’s lots of inline scripting (aka functional programming) which PHP is fantastic at! I’m not knocking the frameworks, on the contrary, just the MVC label that people put on them. I know there’s probably aspects of the MVC design pattern implemented, but one of the goals of using design patterns is to use a common language amongst developers. And just knowing the MVC design pattern, I couldn’t jump into many of these frameworks and pick them up quickly. Just because you’ve got folders named controllers, model, and views, doesn’t make it implementing the OO design pattern. For example, the index.php file in CodeIgnitor sets lots of “system” properties and includes another file that, among other things, also sets system properties. One of the main OO design principles is to separate responsibility which is spread out and shared in these frameworks.
CakePHP loads 3 different index.php files before creating a Dispatcher object.
The Zend Framework looks EXTENSIVE, daunting even. But I did see familiar method names and classes that would be included in an MVC implementation.
As for the article, the title was how to use, how to choose. And I didn’t get either of those from the content. I’m normally not critical of stuff I read on the web, but all the hype about these frameworks is really wearing on me, I just had to get on my podium…just to let off some steam:) Thanks for the article though. It is a nice list.
- 32January 4th, 2008 9:54 pm
Adobe Flex should get some mention here given that it is one of the excellent frameworks I have ever work on. I have worked with Spring, Rails & some PHP. And on top of that, it is gaining a lot of momentum in past couple of years.
- 33January 4th, 2008 10:59 pm
The PHP framework that should have been mentioned but was not: Qcodo. It predates rails and all the php frameworks listed, and uses code generation instead of runtime reflection.
- 34
- 35January 5th, 2008 12:07 am
Not to forget agavi Agavi. It is probably the most consistent regarding the OO design technique.
The article is good, although a bit shallow. I can’t find any help in choosing a framework – only a tagline for each.
- 36January 5th, 2008 12:25 am
If I had to pick a PHP framework, it would be CodeIgniter, they have complete documentation and its very well done. PHPcake documentation is jumbled, old and often doesnt exist, but they had better marketing early on, so they are pretty popular still. Zend Framework, is pretty confusing and docs are jumbled and there are no official forums for it. I dont know much about Symphony, but I still have to say CodeIgniter should be more popular than it is.
- 37January 5th, 2008 12:38 am
Django is only as popular as it is because of the Ellington CMS. Thats the only reason why newspapers sites are using Django, because they paid $10,000 to now $30,000 to use the Ellington CMS, which is good and is built pretty much for Newspapers sites. If it wasnt for that CMS, it would not be that popular. There are no good books on Python web development, check amazon and you will see that I am right. Only in the last 2yrs have there even been any new Python books made. The Django book doesnt cover installation on Windows either. Not to trash Django, I like the cascading templates but I’m trying to dispell some of the hype behind it. It was supposed to be at 1.0 in 2006, but its still not there yet, so be sure to know that any code you use, could change and need to be modified when they go 1.0.
- 38January 5th, 2008 5:13 am
Why on earth do u always forgot to mention the Ajax lib. from Adobe.. aka Adobe SPRY. It should be named in the top ajax lib.
- 39January 5th, 2008 5:49 am
Adoby Spry… That’s a little overkill I think…
However, I’m missing Smarty (http://www.smarty.php.net), which is an awesome framework when working with templates, I find it strange that nobody mentioned it before, as I thought smarty was pretty popular… If I’m mistaken, well, then you were very right not to include it.
You might mention that Prototype isn’t that well documented, and if you want to learn it, you’re best bet is investing in a book like Prototype and script.aculo.us You Never Knew JavaScript Could Do This!
Anyhow, very nice post!
- 40January 5th, 2008 6:00 am
Nice list.. Thanks for the framework.. Im looking for this for quite a while now.. Thanks again guys.
- 41January 5th, 2008 6:05 am
Hi.
I think that the Java section is, well … screwed up ? The Spring presentation is a bit “wrongy” and “light”: Spring is much more than that, and is mainly an IoC and AOP Container, unless you are talking about Spring MVC ?
Also, the main Java Web frameworks are not listed (JSF, Struts 2, Wicket, etc.). Whot the heck is using Aranea ?Good job anyway :-)
Regards. - 42January 5th, 2008 6:59 am
We´ve developed a php-based framework called “struts4php” that combines the advantages of php and java. More info about the project will be available soon. We´re planning to launch the new webpage within the next few weeks.
- 43January 5th, 2008 10:59 am
Hi! You forgot to include SPRY framework! Please, include it on JavaScript section. It’s wonderful, easy and a complete framework for create JavaScript effects, sort information and transfer data.
The website is http://labs.adobe.com/technologies/spry/home.html
- 44January 5th, 2008 11:42 am
smaller, faster, lighter than cake and symphony; and if you know ruby on rails, then you are practically ready to go.
- 45January 5th, 2008 11:56 am
Since ActionScript 3 is now completely OOP orientated you’ll start to see more and more frameworks being developed for this, two very good ones right now are:
PureMVC and Adobes’ own Cairingorm Framework which is also based around MVC.
- 46January 5th, 2008 12:12 pm
This article I was a little disappointed, also the name of the framework is Symfony, not Symphony
- 47January 6th, 2008 12:41 am
Hi to All,
Ruby On Rails is no doubt the best among the MVC. and its limited currently to Ruby World only. ( A God father to Ruby World )
Major inspirations are taken from Rails for creating all the MVC you have seen and discussed above.
The Most surprising part is that…. I have hardly seen any discussion on ” AKELOS “, a pure Rails port to PHP.
Akelos is a xerox copy of Rails framework that works for PHP and the Creator of ALELOS clarifies this on the front page only.
Just wondering how other frameworks can be better that a direct Port / Fork of Rails to PHP.
Why there are no takers…..?
It can be because no one from PHP has tried this yet or perhaps have not tried the Original Ruby on Rails.
Rails is so popular that Java has adopted that with Jruby and Microsoft has adopted with IronRuby. And now a New Asp.Net MVC is based on the same way.
Give AKELOS a try…. Trust me.
Thanks
IronRuby
- 48January 6th, 2008 2:06 am
I highly doubt SM if even cares about our input…. as no edits are done… and probly wont be done..
- 50January 6th, 2008 5:45 am
i also agree, symfony deserve the first place among php frameworks
- 51January 6th, 2008 9:51 am
Nice overview, but I really think Symfony should have a bit more attention. There is a reason why yahoo picked this framework to build some of their apps, like answers, bookmarks and delicious (new one) with. As yahoo has like the most visitors in the world on its network, there should be no concern about wether this framework can handle that. Anyway I recommend anyone considering a framework to check them all out and see which one fits their needs. Java users might also want to checkout wicket (wicket.apache.org). Heard great things about it.
- 52January 6th, 2008 10:46 am
Will I troll here ? No, this one doesn’t worth it. Some more stupid bytes consumed.
- 53January 6th, 2008 1:57 pm
Interesting article and great roundup of frameworks. I come from a .NET background, so was a little lost when I began doing some PHP. Have used CodeIgniter, and found it contained many things that I took for granted in ASP.NET.
Now using Ruby on Rails. Don’t think many people will have heard of that one ;) - 54January 6th, 2008 11:17 pm
Phew…great list… though I didn’t learn the “When to use and How to choose” part :)
- 55January 7th, 2008 1:43 am
An excellent article. I really appreciate the efforts of the author.
Thanks
Soundararajan - 56January 7th, 2008 2:12 am
“Dojo is a small library focused on interpreter independence and small core size. ”
What is small? in size or in capabilities? Guess the amount of support from big corporations like IBM will not give Dojo the qualification of small, is it?
- 57January 7th, 2008 2:23 am
Hi, very interesting article. Next an article about CMF ! ??
- 58January 7th, 2008 3:54 am
This is a nice introduction for those who lived in caves. But generally this doesn’t any justice to most of the frameworks, as it’s not complete and way too short. But at least you can see the trends in this. Oh, btw, Seaside is missing.
And to make a prediction: Python could be very interesting for the future because Google loves Python, their big community and interesting projects like IronPython for .NET and Jython for Java. It’s a strong, independant, portable and largely supported language. Just my two cents.
- 59January 7th, 2008 4:18 am
ajax.NET is no more.
- 60January 7th, 2008 4:22 am
I have been using symfony for almost a year and I would highly recommend it. The admin generator, caching and simple php templating are bliss. Tried both CI and Cake but I felt they didn’t come close. The speed issues are redundant with symfony, its even being used for delicious2.
Surprised you put it in the ‘further’ section. But i suppose its just your view, as it doesn’t seem very objective.
- 61January 7th, 2008 4:31 am
Nice article, but you forgot the Struts2 Framework for Java! :)
http://struts.apache.org/2.0.11/index.html - 62January 7th, 2008 6:23 am
Nice list. I found the following listing quite helpfull, it’s a list of +- 30 AJAX frameworks
AJAX frameworks – For newbies. Quite a few I am not familiar with… - 63January 7th, 2008 11:12 am
You forgot YUI Javascript library.
- 64January 7th, 2008 8:13 pm
lol… good work……. :) its sooo helpful…
- 65January 8th, 2008 1:15 am
+2 for Grails. I think Grails is mature enough to include. Use the Java platform for rock solid stability and Groovy as a great RAD development language.
- 66January 8th, 2008 1:18 am
P.S. Nice overview by the way. There’s nothing like web frameworks to stir the emotions of web developers.
- 67January 8th, 2008 6:04 am
Spanish frameworks exists too. For example Kumbia PHP Framework is a framework developed by spanish team that have many options to integrate specified frameworks ( css, javascript, … ) and is based into MVC pattern.
- 68January 8th, 2008 7:39 am
Maybe you like to take a look at Java framework ztemplates.org too.
Features:
new and unique action processing module – clean, technology agnostic urls – fully JSP, Velocity and AJAX compatible – state-free – invisible to the web-client – convention over configuration – extensible – small and modular.
- 69January 8th, 2008 10:22 am
Symfony is probably the most powerful framework for php. By far.
Quite a bad writeup. - 70January 8th, 2008 2:22 pm
+1 for Stripes
- 71January 8th, 2008 11:07 pm
Nice article.. I think symfony is the most complete and have better documentation among others php framework, symfony deserve 1st place..
- 72January 9th, 2008 1:45 am
Will all these Frameworks put the web developers out of job? Already, there has been serious talks about the economy heading for another recession…
- 73January 9th, 2008 11:19 pm
what about MochaChochaLatta framework? You didn’t include that?
- 74January 22nd, 2008 12:23 pm
All you need to know is CakePHP is all you need to know =)
Best PHP framework out there.
- 75February 4th, 2008 8:57 pm
It’s amazing that Drupal wasn’t mentioned.
Drupal has THE most useful community-added modules.
No matter how fast your framework lets you code, it’s always faster if someone has already coded it for you.
The problem with most frameworks is that they do not put enough importance on their communities. They might claim so. But they don’t walk the walk.
- 76February 7th, 2008 5:26 am
great list, we are planning on using Django for our next project. Here we come..
- 77February 18th, 2008 1:32 pm
Symfony should be given more respect on this PHP framework list; should be highlighted with logo, if not moved to the top of the list. Rather silly that the most complete PHP framework is listed as a footnote. Please fix!
- 78April 16th, 2008 6:19 am
you mush check Kohana Framework for PHP 5. Small footprint and based on Code Igniter.
- 79March 4th, 2009 1:03 am
CMS’s I ever consider is: CodeIgniter, Silverstripe, ModxCMS, Symfony, CakePHP and RubyonRails. And from all, I use Modx and Silverstripe. Good luck ;)
- 00
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People, reading this, might be asking: “Why, oh why….is there XY not to be found”.
I, reading this, am asking: “Why are there Riot http://www.riotfamily.org/testdrive.html and Django http://www.djangoproject.com/ not to be found?” Those are the things with brains that came to my mind…